17.B?
I think proteins synthetized in the cell cytosol are degradaded in protosome and without transporter bind to MHCI in cytoplasm directly.
please clarify the answer.TY
18.GG
Pupillary reflex:
The oculomotor nerve also controls the constriction of the pupils and thickening of the lens of the eye. This can be tested in two main ways. By moving a finger toward a person's face to induce accommodation, as well as his going cross-eyed, his pupils should constrict.
Shining a light into one eye should result in equal constriction of the other eye. The neurons in the optic nerve decussate in the optic chiasm with some crossing to the contralateral optic nerve tract. This is the basis of the "swinging-flashlight test".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brain_...els_en.svg
18.DD
she has hepatities..between A and D.....if it was alcoholic hepatities the amount of ALT should be greater than AST but as we see ALT =85 and AST=87....
The above Q # is 19 .....sorry so
18.GG and 19.DD
20.CC
Kernicterus is damage to the brain centers of infants caused by increased levels of unconjugated bilirubin
21.BB
Lewy bodies are abnormal aggregates of protein that develop inside nerve cells in Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and some other disorders. They are identified under the microscope when histology is performed on the brain.
Parkinson's disease....degenerative disorder of CNS associated with lewy bodies and depigmentation of the substantia nigra,loss of dopaminergic neurons
rare cases have been linked with ilicit street drug...heroin
22.EE
Hypothyroidism is a condition leading to the deficiency in the production of thyroid hormone.
Subclinical hypothyroidism is a state of normal thyroid hormone levels, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), with mild elevation of thyrotropin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
With higher TSH levels and low free T4 levels, symptoms become more readily apparent in clinical (or overt) hypothyroidism.
Early....
Poor muscle tone (muscle hypotonia)
Fatigue
Any form of menstrual irregularity and fertility problems
Hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea
Elevated serum cholesterol
Cold intolerance, increased sensitivity to cold
Constipation
Rapid thoughts
Depression
Muscle cramps and joint pain
Thin, brittle fingernails
Coarse hair
Paleness
Decreased sweating
Dry, itchy skin
Weight gain and water retention
Bradycardia
Late......
Goiter
Slow speech and a hoarse, breaking voice – deepening of the voice can also be noticed, ma.
Dry puffy skin, especially on the face
Thinning of the outer third of the eyebrows
Abnormal menstrual cycles
Low basal body temperature
Thyroid-Related Depression
Uncommon.........
Impaired memory
Impaired cognitive function (brain fog) and inattentiveness.
A slow heart rate with ECG changes including low voltage signals. Diminished cardiac output and decreased contractility
Reactive (or post-prandial) hypoglycemia
Sluggish reflexes
Hair loss
Anemia caused by impaired haemoglobin synthesis (decreased EPO levels), impaired intestinal iron and folate absorption or B12 deficiency
Difficulty swallowing
Shortness of breath with a shallow and slow respiratory pattern
Increased need for sleep
Irritability and mood instability
Yellowing of the skin due to impaired conversion of beta-carotene to vitamin A
Impaired renal function with decreased glomerular filtration rate
Acute psychosis (myxedema madness) (a rare presentation of hypothyroidism)
Decreased libido in men due to impairment of testicular testosterone synthesis
Decreased sense of taste and smell (anosmia)
Puffy face, hands and feet (late, less common symptoms)
Gynecomastia
Deafness
23.DD
The palmaris longus is seen as a small tendon between the flexor carpi radialis and the flexor carpi ulnaris, although it is not always present. The muscle is absent in about 14 percent of the population
Absence of palmaris does not have any known effect on grip strength
24.A?
Pertussis toxin - increases cAMP Tracheal toxin - blocks mucociliary movement Capsule Hemagglutinin Pili
please confirm the answer.TY
25.EE
Barrier dysfunction is present in patients with Crohn's disease as well as some of their healthy first degree relatives. It has therefore been suggested that increased tight junction permeability (reduced barrier function) is a risk factor for development of Crohn's disease.
26.AA
Narrowing renal artery inc. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron system.......
27.DD
irreversible cell injury
Plasma membrane damage
lysosomal rupture
Calcium ion influx....oxidative phosphorylation,
nuclear pycnosis,karyolysis,
Mitochondrial pemeability....vacualization and phospholipid-containing amorphous density