causes of meningitis - skylight99

[ArchivalUser]

plz anyone could tell me the right causes of meningitis ,i am confused with GOLJAN and FA.
THANKS

[ArchivalUser]

SORRY
causes according to age

[ArchivalUser]

neonates

GBS
E. COLI

INFANT AND CHILDREN

HIB (UNVACCINATED)


YOUNG ADULTS

NEISSERIA MENINGITIS

ELDERLY: STREPT. PNEUMO
LISTERIA

[ArchivalUser]

I have FA 2007 it says in young children strep pneumoniae....the goljan audio that I have he says HIB is no longer the first cause bcz of the vacine...I think that the answer depend of the Q so if they ask for a child who came from developing country you have to think about HIB( like mine country the gov don't obligate the population to do it . they say you have to but they dont fallow children like here. in this country you need vaccine card before place you child in a school). but if the don't said that you have to think in SP....

[ArchivalUser]

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States (47% of cases) and is associated with a mortality rate of 19% to 26%. Pneumococcal meningitis may develop in conjunction with other suppurative foci of infection (e.g., pneumonia, otitis media, mastoiditis, sinusitis, and endocarditis or following head trauma with leak of cerebrospinal fluid). A heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine is now available that is 97.4% effective in preventing invasive pneumococcal disease in fully vaccinated children. The American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases has recommended vaccinating all infants less than 2 years of age using four doses at 2, 4, 6, and 12 to 15 months of age. Since licensure of the vaccine, studies have demonstrated a reduced incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in children and adults (6).

Neisseria meningitidis is the second most common cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States. Children and young adults are affected most often, and the mortality rate is 3% to 13%. Patients with deficiencies in the terminal complement components (C5-C9) are predisposed to infection with neisserial species, including N. meningitidis. An increased risk of invasive meningococcal disease has also been described in patients with dysfunctional or deficient properdin, suggesting a potential role for the alternative pathway in complement-mediated resistance against meningococci. A quadrivalent polysaccharide meningococcal vaccine (directed against serogroups A, C, Y, and W135) is currently recommended for high-risk groups, including college freshmen dormitory residents (as a result of the recent increase in invasive meningococcal disease in adolescents and young adults of high school and college age). Vaccination is not recommended for routine use in the United States because of the overall low risk of infection, inability to protect against serogroup B disease, and inability to provide long-lasting immunity in children.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently approved a conjugated polysaccharide vaccine directed against serogroups A, C, Y, and W135 for protection against N. meningitidis infection in persons 11 to 55 years of age. Approval was based on immunogenicity studies and experience with other vaccines. The duration of protection with the new vaccine is unknown. In February 2005, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended routine immunization with this vaccine for preadolescents 11 or 12 years of age and œcatch-up vaccination for previously unvaccinated adolescents entering high school and for college freshmen (7). Immunization was also recommended for microbiologists with frequent exposure to N. meningitidis, travelers to areas of the world where the disease is hyperendemic, and persons with splenectomy or functional asplenia.

Meningitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes is rare in the United States (8% of cases, although L. monocytogenes causes approximately 20% of cases of neonatal meningitis). The mortality rate is 15% to 29%. Outbreaks have been associated with consumption of contaminated cole slaw, raw vegetables, milk, cheese, and processed meats, thus indicating the gastrointestinal tract as the usual portal of entry. Disease is associated with extremes of age (neonates and persons 50 years of age and older), alcoholism, malignancy, immunosuppression, diabetes mellitus, hepatic and renal disease, iron overload, collagen vascular disorders, pregnancy, and HIV infection.

Group B streptococci are an important cause of meningitis in neonates. Disease in adults has been associated with diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, cardiac disease, malignancy, collagen vascular disorders, alcoholism, hepatic and renal failure, corticosteroid use, and HIV infection.

Aerobic gram-negative bacilli (Klebsiella species, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) may cause meningitis in patients following neurosurgical procedures or head trauma. These bacteria may also cause meningitis in association with disseminated strongyloidiasis in patients with the hyperinfection syndrome. Hyperinfection likely results from defective host responses to the Strongyloides parasite, which leads to a high parasite burden and dissemination that results in multisystem involvement. Mobile larvae are able to carry enteric bacteria during migration, and polymicrobial bacteremia or meningitis may subsequently develop.

Haemophilus influenzae type b is a rare cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States since licensure and routine use of H. influenzae type b conjugate vaccines became available.

Staphylococcus aureus meningitis usually occurs in the postneurosurgical period or following head trauma but may also develop in patients with diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, chronic renal failure requiring hemodialysis, injection drug use, endocarditis, and malignancy. Coagulase-negative staphylococci are the most common causes of meningitis in patients with cerebrospinal fluid shunts.