12-25-2011, 10:06 PM
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Some imp topic review.. - medicalspirit
Some imp topic review.. - medicalspirit
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Some imp topic review.. - medicalspirit
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12-25-2011, 10:39 PM
Pathophysiology
Alcohol affects virtually every organ system in the body and, in high doses, can cause coma and death. It affects several neurotransmitter systems in the brain, including opiates, GABA, glutamate, serotonin, and dopamine. Increased opiate levels help explain the euphoric effect of alcohol, while its effects on GABA cause anxiolytic and sedative effects. Alcohol inhibits the receptor for glutamate. Long-term ingestion results in the synthesis of more glutamate receptors. When alcohol is withdrawn, the central nervous system experiences increased excitability. Persons who abuse alcohol over the long term are more prone to alcohol withdrawal syndrome than persons who have been drinking for only short periods. Brain excitability caused by long-term alcohol ingestion can lead to cell death and cerebellar degeneration, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, tremors, alcoholic hallucinosis, delirium tremens, and withdrawal seizures. Opiate receptors are increased in the brains of recently abstinent alcoholic patients, and the number of receptors correlates with cravings for alcohol.
12-25-2011, 10:42 PM
http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional...l#v1027073
Opioids Alcohol Anxiolytics and Sedatives Marijuana (Cannabis) Cocaine Amphetamines Hallucinogens Gamma Hydroxybutyrate Anabolic Steroids Substance Use in Children and Adolescents
12-25-2011, 11:01 PM
12-25-2011, 11:17 PM
12-26-2011, 10:41 AM
A pneumoperitoneum is a gas collection under a hemi-diaphragm, most commonly a result of a perforated viscus (although also associated with recent abdominal surgery, rupture of abscess with gas-forming organisms, severe pneumotosis, and introduction through cervix in females).
A pneumotosis is when there is air in the bowel wall as opposed to perforation/air outside of the bowel wall. The first thing you should consider when you see pneumotosis is the possibility of ischemic gut. Air-fluid levels look just as they sound and are characteristic of large and small bowel obstructions. http://www.learningradiology.com/archive...rrect.html http://surgeryward.com/images/f/132.jpeg
12-26-2011, 12:34 PM
12-26-2011, 02:09 PM
Malignant cells are forming poorly-differentiated gland-like structures in this example of pancreatic cancer. A desmoplastic response has been provoked, a common phenomenon. The fourth leading cause of cancer death, pancreatic cancer carries a terrible prognosis.
An abdominal CT scan shows a small, vaguely seen 2-cm pancreatic adenocarcinoma (mass) causing obstruction of both the common bile duct (cbd) and pancreatic duct http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Digital_Pat...adeno.html http://www.hpblondon.com/pancreatic-canc...ge14_1.jpg http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/a...key=122968
12-26-2011, 02:39 PM
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