12-03-2007, 10:48 AM
Chromium - part of glucose tolerance factor, which potentiates insulin activity. Deficiency ia characterized by glucose intolerance and peripheral neuropathy.
Copper - Cofactor in many enzymes involved in oxidation-reduction reactions that bind and directly react with oxugen. Plasma levels normally increased in pregnancy, in inflammation, and with use of birth control pills. Bound to ceruloplasmin, which synthesized in the liver. Cofactor for the following enzymes:
Lysyl oxidase: forms cross-links in collagen and elastic tissue to increase tensile strength.
Cytochrome c oxidase: functions in the electron transport system.
Superoxide dismutase: as an antioxidant , neutralizes oxygen free radicals.
Ferroxidase: converts iron to +3 form, which can bind to transferrin.
Tyrosinase: converts tyrosine to dopa in melanin synthesis.
Deficiency is associated with the following: Microcytic hypochromic anemia ( cannot bind to transferrin). Neutropenia. Skeletal abnormailities (defective collagen): osteoporosis. Skin depigmentation (tyrosine disorder). Dissecting aortic aneurysms (defective collagen and elastic tissue). Menkes' kinky-hair syndrome: rare sex-linked recessive disease with impaired utilization of copper.
Toxicity is associated with Wilson's disease, which is an autosomal recessive disease with a defect IN THE EXCRETION OF COPPER INTO BILE.
Fluoride: incorporation into bone and enamel. Deficiency results in increased dental caries. Increased amount leads to mottling of the teeth, calcification of ligaments and tendons, and increased brittlenes of bones. It can mineralize the vertebral column in osteoporosis.
Copper - Cofactor in many enzymes involved in oxidation-reduction reactions that bind and directly react with oxugen. Plasma levels normally increased in pregnancy, in inflammation, and with use of birth control pills. Bound to ceruloplasmin, which synthesized in the liver. Cofactor for the following enzymes:
Lysyl oxidase: forms cross-links in collagen and elastic tissue to increase tensile strength.
Cytochrome c oxidase: functions in the electron transport system.
Superoxide dismutase: as an antioxidant , neutralizes oxygen free radicals.
Ferroxidase: converts iron to +3 form, which can bind to transferrin.
Tyrosinase: converts tyrosine to dopa in melanin synthesis.
Deficiency is associated with the following: Microcytic hypochromic anemia ( cannot bind to transferrin). Neutropenia. Skeletal abnormailities (defective collagen): osteoporosis. Skin depigmentation (tyrosine disorder). Dissecting aortic aneurysms (defective collagen and elastic tissue). Menkes' kinky-hair syndrome: rare sex-linked recessive disease with impaired utilization of copper.
Toxicity is associated with Wilson's disease, which is an autosomal recessive disease with a defect IN THE EXCRETION OF COPPER INTO BILE.
Fluoride: incorporation into bone and enamel. Deficiency results in increased dental caries. Increased amount leads to mottling of the teeth, calcification of ligaments and tendons, and increased brittlenes of bones. It can mineralize the vertebral column in osteoporosis.
