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Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a viral infection of the skin or occasionally of the mucous membranes. It is caused by a DNA poxvirus called the molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV). MCV has no animal reservoir, infecting only humans.
The virus commonly spreads through skin-to-skin contact. This includes sexual contact or touching or scratching the bumps and then touching the skin. Handling objects that have the virus on them (fomites), such as a towel, can also result in infection.Molluscum contagiosum is contagious until the bumps are gone-which, if untreated, may be up to 6 months or longer.
Molluscum contagiosum lesions are flesh-colored, dome-shaped, and pearly in appearance. They are often 1–5 millimeters in diameter, with a dimpled center. They are generally not painful, but they may itch or become irritated. Picking or scratching the bumps may lead to further infection or scarring.
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BRCA1 is a human tumor suppressor gene that produces a protein called breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein.
BRCA1 is expressed in the cells of breast and other tissue, where it helps repair damaged DNA, or destroy cells if DNA cannot be repaired. If BRCA1 itself is damaged, damaged DNA is not repaired properly and this increases risks for cancers.
Certain variations of the BRCA1 gene lead to an increased risk for breast cancer.
Women with an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene have up to an 60% risk of developing breast cancer by age 90; increased risk of developing ovarian cancer is about 55% for women with BRCA1 mutations and about 25% for women with BRCA2 mutations.
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Vestibulocochlear nerve....VIII....hearing and balance
30.CC
The dumping syndrome is Most people are unable to tolerate certain foods after gastric bypass, especially foods with high sugar or fat content. Eating these foods can cause the “dumping syndrome,” which may cause nasea and vomiting, diarrhea, a bloated feeling, dizziness and sweating.
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Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a rare autosomal dominant.
Under normal circumstances, heme synthesis begins in the mitochondrion, proceeds into the cytoplasm, and finishes back in the mitochondrion. However, without porphobilinogen deaminase, a necessary cytoplasmic enzyme, heme synthesis cannot finish, and the metabolite porphobilinogen accumulates in the cytoplasm.
Additional factors must also be present such as hormones, drugs, and dietary changes that trigger the appearance of symptoms. Symptoms of AIP may include abdominal pain, constipation, and muscle weakness.
Patients with AIP are commonly misdiagnosed with psychiatric diseases. Subsequent treatment with anti-psychotics increases the accumulation of porphrobiliogen, thus aggravating the disease enough that it may prove fatal.
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Botulinum toxin is a protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, and is extremely neurotoxic
The heavy chain of the toxin is particularly important for targeting the toxin to specific types of axon terminals. The toxin must get inside the axon terminals in order to cause paralysis. Following the attachment of the toxin heavy chain to proteins on the surface of axon terminals, the toxin can be taken into neurons by endocytosis. The light chain is able to cleave endocytotic vesicles and reach the cytoplasm. The light chain of the toxin has protease activity. The type A toxin proteolytically degrades the SNAP-25 protein, a type of SNARE protein. The SNAP-25 protein is required for vesicle fusion that releases neurotransmitters from the axon endings (in particular Acetylcholine).[58] Botulinum toxin specifically cleaves these SNAREs, and so prevents neuro-secretory vesicles from docking/fusing with the nerve synapse plasma membrane and releasing their neurotransmitters.
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ACUTE INTERMITTENT PORPHYRIA......DUE TO UROPORPHYRINOGEN I SYNTHASE deficiency
.....causes accumulation of porphobilinogen and delta -ALA in urine
symptoms...5 P
Painful abdomen
pink urine
polyneuropathy
psychological disturbances
precipitated by drug
Porphobilinogen (PBG) is involved in porphyrin metabolism.
It is generated by aminolevulinate (ALA) and the enzyme ALA dehydratase(is degenerated by Lead poisoning).
PBG is then converted into hydroxymethyl bilane by the enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase, also known as hydroxymethylbilane synthase.
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The spinothalamic tract is a sensory pathway originating in the spinal cord. It transmits information to the thalamus about pain, temperature, itch and crude touch. The pathway decussates at the level of the spinal cord, rather than in the brainstem like the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway and corticospinal tract.
The cell bodies of neurons that make up the spinothalamic tract are located in the spinal ganglia. These neurons receive input from sensory fibers that innervate the skin and internal organs.
A. Left Dorsal columns ( pressure, vibration, touch and proprioception)
C. Left, Lateral Corticospinal tract ( voluntary motor)
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (also known as "Pheochromocytoma and amyloid producing medullary thyroid carcinoma" "PTC syndrome," and "Sipple syndrome" is a group of medical disorders associated with tumors of the endocrine system. The tumors may be benign or malignant (cancer). They generally occur in endocrine organs (e.g. thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenals), but may also occur in endocrine tissues of organs not classically thought of as endocrine.
Most cases of MEN2 derive from a variation in the RET proto-oncogene, and are specific for cells of neural crest origin.
The protein produced by the RET gene plays an important role in the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor beta) signaling system. Because the TGF-beta system operates in numerous tissues throughout the body, variations in the RET gene can have effects in numerous tissues throughout the body.
MEN2 generally results from a gain-of-function variant of a RET gene
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Sensitized T lymphocytes encounter antigen and then release lymphokines ( leads to macrophage activation. no antibody involved.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T_cell_activation.png
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The suspensory ligaments of Cooper play an important role in the change in appearance of the breast that often accompanies the development of inflammatory carcinoma of the breast in which blockage of the local lymphatic ducts causes swelling of the breast. Because the skin remains tethered by the suspensory ligaments of Cooper, it takes on a dimpled appearance reminiscent of the peel of an orange (peau d'orange). Carcinomas can also decrease the length of Cooper's ligaments leading to a dimpling.
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