NBME 11 block 2 q 1 to 50 - maryam2009

[ArchivalUser]

6.BB

Pancreatic cancer is sometimes called a "silent killer" because early pancreatic cancer often does not cause symptoms,[4] and the later symptoms are usually nonspecific and varied.[4] Therefore, pancreatic cancer is often not diagnosed until it is advanced.

Painless jaundice (yellow tint to whites of eyes and/or yellowish skin in serious cases, possibly in combination with darkened urine) when a cancer of the head of the pancreas (about 60% of cases) obstructs the common bile duct as it runs through the pancreas. This may also cause pale-colored stool and steatorrhea. The jaundice may be associated with itching as the salt from excess bile can cause skin irritation.

[ArchivalUser]

7-D 7-D Secretin is a hormone that controls the secretions into the duodenum, and also separately, water homeostasis throughout the body. It is produced in the S cells of the duodenum in the crypts of Lieberkühn.[1] Its effect is to regulate the pH of the duodenal contents via the control of gastric acid secretion and buffering with bicarbonate from the centroacinar cells of the pancreas as well as intercalated ducts. It is notable for being the first hormone to be identified. In humans, the secretin peptide is encoded by the SCT (Wikipedia)

[ArchivalUser]

8-E Opioids withdrawal produce, anxiety, insomnia, anorexia, sweating dilated pupils, piloerection (cold turkey), fever, rhinorrhea, nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea (flulike symtoms) and yawning

[ArchivalUser]

9-D Raynaud's phenomenon is an exaggeration of vasomotor responses to cold or emotional stress. More specifically, it is a hyperactivation of the sympathetic system causing extreme vasoconstriction of the peripheral blood vessels, leading to tissue hypoxia
Nefedipine vasodilate by releasing nitric oxide in smooth muscle, causing increased in cGMP and smooth muscle relaxation,. dilate veins more than arteries and dicreased the preload

[ArchivalUser]

10.C
An exudate is any fluid that filters from the circulatory system into lesions or areas of inflammation.
Its composition varies but generally includes water and the dissolved solutes of the main circulatory fluid such as sap or blood. In the case of blood: it will contain some or all plasma proteins, white blood cells, platelets and (in the case of local vascular damage) red blood cells.

Transudate Exudate
Main causes Increased hydrostatic
pressure,
Decreased colloid
osmotic pressure Inflammation
Appearance Clear Cloudy
Specific gravity < 1.012 > 1.020
Protein content < 2 g/dL > 2.9 g/dL
fluid protein
serum protein < 0.5 > 0.5
Difference of
albumin content
with blood albumin > 1.2 g/dL < 1.2 g/dL
fluid LDH
upper limit for serum < 0.6 or < ⅔ > 0.6[5] or > ⅔
Cholesterol content < 45 mg/dL > 45 mg/dL[5

[ArchivalUser]

10.CC

Exudate...An exudate is any fluid that filters from the circulatory system into lesions or areas of inflammation.
it will contain some or all plasma proteins, white blood cells, platelets and (in the case of local vascular damage) red blood cells
protein rich....specific gravity >1020

***Types***

Purulent or suppurative exudate consists of plasma with both active and dead neutrophils, fibrinogen, and necrotic parenchymal cells. This kind of exudate is consistent with more severe infections, and is commonly referred to as pus.

Fibrinous exudate is composed mainly of fibrinogen and fibrin. It is characteristic of rheumatic carditis, but is seen in all severe injuries such as strep throat and bacterial pneumonia. Fibrinous inflammation is often difficult to resolve due to the fact that blood vessels grow into the exudate and fill the space that was occupied by fibrin. Often, large amounts of antibiotics are necessary for resolution.

Catarrhal exudate is seen in the nose and throat and is characterized by a high content of mucus.
Serous exudate (sometimes classified as serous transudate) is usually seen in mild inflammation, with little protein content. Its consistency resembles that of serum, and can usually be seen in certain disease states like tuberculosis. (See below for difference between transudate and exudate)

Malignant (or cancerous) pleural effusion is effusion where cancer cells are present. It is usually classified as exudate.

Trasudate versus Exudate

Hypocellular,
Protein poor
Specific gravity

[ArchivalUser]

addition
Specific gravity

[ArchivalUser]

There is something wrong with my post,I don't know why.....

11.DD

Rigt heart failure....Jugular venous distantion and bilateral Ankle,sacral edema ..due to inc venous pressure

[ArchivalUser]

12.DD

2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid ....interacts with deoxygenated hemoglobin beta subunits by decreasing their affinity for oxygen, so it allosterically promotes the release of the remaining oxygen molecules bound to the hemoglobin, thus enhancing the ability of RBCs to release oxygen near tissues that need it most.

[ArchivalUser]

Beautiful maryam for more explaina....