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11.DD
Viral vacines that living strains elicit both-cell mediated and humoral immunity,whereas killed viral vaccines elicit predominantly an antibody respond....so common features of these two types... sabin and salk ...induce humoral immunity/antibody respond..
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12.CC
Albinism...Congenital deficiency of either
**
Tyrosinase ....inability to syntetize melanin from tyrosine...Autosomal ressesive
or
**
Defective tyrosine transporter...dec.amount of tyrosin and thus melanin
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13.CC
....odds of having disease in exposed group divided by odds of having disease in unexposed group
500/250/500/250=2/2.....=1
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14.CC
Decreased ATP causes decreased action of Na+ / K+ pumps in the cell membranes, leading to increased Na+ and water within the cell (cell swelling).
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15.FF
Individuals with passive-aggressive personality disorder appear to comply or act appropriately, but actually behave negatively and passively resist. This personality disorder is a chronic condition, meaning that it lasts throughout life.
Symptoms include:
•Contradictory and inconsistent behavior—An individual with passive-aggressive personality disorder may appear enthusiastic to carry out others’ requests, but he purposely performs in a manner that is not useful and sometimes even damaging.
•Intentional avoidance of responsibility. Some behaviors that may be used to avoid responsibility include:
•Procrastination—to delay or postpone needlessly and intentionally
•Deliberate inefficiency—purposefully performing in an incompetent manner
•Forgetfulness
•Feelings of resentment toward others
•Stubbornness
•Argumentative, sulky, and hostile, especially toward authority figures
•Easily offended
•Resentful of useful suggestions from others
•Blames others
•Chronically impatient
•Unexpressed anger or hostility
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16.AA
supernumerary nipples (polythelia) more than the normal number of nipples, may be on the breast or other parts of the body-found along the "milk line" from axilla to groin. These accessory nipples resemble raised nevi (commonly called "moles").
It is derived from epithelial tissue .
Usually, the supernumerary nipple remains undetected or asymptomatic. Occasionally, the supernumerary nipple is noticed only when hormonal changes during adolescence, menstruation, or pregnancy cause increased pigmentation, fluctuating swelling, tenderness, or even lactation.
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18.CC
Influenza viruses...Orthomyxovirus...enveloped,single stranded..RNA viruses with segmented genome.
Contain:
Hemagglutinin antigen....promote viral entery and
Neuroaminidase antigen..promotes progeny viral release
Amantadine is DOC for prophylaxis and treatment
It blocks viral penetration/uncoating,
it also can release dopamine from intact nerve terminal...is used forr parkinson's disease
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17.BB
In people who have sarcoidosis, immune system cells cause inflammation and cluster to form lumps called granulomas.
If many granulomas form in an organ, they can affect how the organ works. This can cause signs and symptoms. Signs and symptoms vary depending on which organs are affected. Many people who have sarcoidosis have no symptoms or mild symptoms.
Some researchers think that sarcoidosis develops when the immune system responds to a trigger, such as bacteria, viruses, dust, or chemicals. Genetics also may play a role in sarcoidosis.
http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medi...large4.jpg
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19.CC
Oculomotor nerveIII......eye movement(SR,IR,MR,IO)...pupillary constriction ,accommodation,eyelide opening(Levator Palpebrae)
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20.BB
Allergic Rhinitis is defined as inflammation of the nasal membranes and is characterized by a symptom complex that consists of any combination of the following: sneezing, nasal congestion, nasal itching, and rhinorrhea.The eyes, ears, sinuses, and throat can also be involved. Allergic rhinitis is the most common cause of rhinitis.
Exposure to certain foreign proteins leads to allergic sensitization, which is characterized by the production of specific IgE directed against these proteins. This specific IgE coats the surface of mast cells, which are present in the nasal mucosa. When the specific protein (eg, a specific pollen grain) is inhaled into the nose, it can bind to the IgE on the mast cells, leading to immediate and delayed release of a number of mediators.
The mediators that are immediately released include histamine, tryptase, chymase, kinins, and heparin. The mast cells quickly synthesize other mediators, including leukotrienes and prostaglandin D2. These mediators, via various interactions, ultimately lead to the symptoms of rhinorrhea .
A pet that is isolated to one area of the house may still cause significant problems for an person with allergic rhinitis because the dander can be airborne and move to any part of the home through the ventilation system.
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