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28.BB
The addictive potential of codeine encouraged the marketing of dextromethorphan in a variety of cough and cold preparations. Although dextromethorphan is chemically derived from the opiates, it has no analgesic or addictive properties. The cough suppression potency of dextromethorphan in adults is nearly equal to that of codeine.2 The drug, like codeine, acts on the central nervous system to elevate the threshold for coughing.
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29.EE
Bone marrow transplant has been shown to induce tolerance following organ transplant.
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30.AA
The patien is too tall and thin with scoliosis.....Marfan's....cystic medial necrosis
Aortic dissection..present with tearing chest pain radiating to the back....CXR..mediastinal widening
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31.DD
adult cell type is replaced by another...often secoundary to irritation/or environmental exposure
Barrett's esophagous....Glandular metaplasia...replacement of nonkeratinizes squamous epithelium with intestinal/columnar epithelium in the distal esophagous due to chronic acid reflux..GERD
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*************************correction for Q10**********************
gvdynamic - 05/27/11 13:31
The answer is 4..As i already explained earlier that plasmid transfer between bacterias needs cell to cell contact through conjugation.And E coli is notorious for that.
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and conformation for Q 24
gvdynamic - 05/27/11 13:39
Pertusis toxin inhibits Gi, so causes increase in cAMP
-Lymphocytosis promotion
-Hypoglycemia due to release of insulin.
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correction...
Q17.CC
CMV has a unique method of escaping immune response it dec. the expression of MHC 1 and also expresses a decoy molecule. The normal for the MHC 1 molecule is that its made in the RER and then transported to the Cell membrane. If it get translocated to the cytosol, its likely to be degraded.
posted by doc_study
Ans is C
http://www.lsic.ucla.edu/classes/mimg/te...weirtz.pdf
posted by immune
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32. E
Brain Lymphoma
A primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), also known as microglioma and primary brain lymphoma, [1] is a primary intracranial tumor appearing mostly in patients with severe immunosuppression (typically patients with AIDS). PCNSLs represent around 20% of all cases of lymphomas in HIV infections (other types are Burkitt's lymphomas and immunoblastic lymphomas). Primary CNS lymphoma is highly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection (> 90%) in immunodeficient patients (such as those with AIDS and those iatrogenically immunosuppressed)[2], and does not have a predilection for any particular age group.
A primary CNS lymphoma usually presents with seizure, headache, cranial nerve findings, altered mental status, or other focal neurological deficits typical of a mass effect[7][8]. Systemic symptoms may include fever, night sweats, or weight loss.Other symptoms include
• diplopia
• dysphagia
• vertigo
• monocular vision loss
• progressive dementia or stupor in patients with a nonfocal neurologic exam and minimal abnormalities on MRI (more common in AIDS patients)
• facial hypoesthesia
The definitive diagnosis is arrived at from tissue, i.e. a biopsy, by a pathologist.
MRI or contrast enhanced CT classically shows multiple ring-enhancing lesions in the deep white matter. The major differential diagnosis (based on imaging) is cerebral toxoplasmosis, which is also prevalent in AIDS patients and also presents with a ring-enhanced lesion, although toxoplasmosis generally presents with more lesions and the contrast enhancement is typically more pronounced. imaging techniques cannot distinguish the two conditions with certainty, and cannot exclude other diagnoses. Thus, patients undergo a brain biopsy
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33. C
The patients treated with the new drug the duration of the outbreak was 1 week, instead that the duration of the patients treated with the placebo was 2 week. It mean that the prevalence in the group treated with the new drug ↓ by half.
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34. D
Hemorrhoids (US English) or haemorrhoids (British English; pronounced /ˈhɛmərɔɪdz/), are vascular structures in the anal canal which help with stool control.[1][2] They become pathological or piles[3] when swollen or inflamed. In their physiological state they act as a cushion composed of arterio-venous channels and connective tissue that aid the passage of stool. The symptoms of pathological hemorrhoids depend on the type present. Internal hemorrhoids usually present with painless rectal bleeding while external hemorrhoids present with pain in the area of the anus.
Recommended treatment consists of increasing fiber intake, oral fluids to maintain hydration, NSAID analgesics, sitz baths, and rest. Surgery is reserved for those who fail to improve following these measures.
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35. B
Metoclopramide (INN) (pronounced /ˌmɛtəˈklɒprəmaɪd/) is an antiemetic and gastroprokinetic agent. Thus it is primarily used to treat nausea and vomiting, and to facilitate gastric emptying in patients with gastroparesis. It is also a primary treatment for migraine headaches.
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