My some review points and images before exam. - medicalspirit

[ArchivalUser]

Hi all, i will be just posting some links and points which i want to review quickly again. And if others get some benefit too it will be nice. Please try not to ask me anything here. Thanks. happy studying all.

[ArchivalUser]

http://uwmsk.org/residentprojects/hpth.html

[ArchivalUser]

Klinefelter syndrome is a form of primary testicular failure, with elevated gonadotropin levels due to lack of feedback inhibition by the pituitary gland. Androgen deficiency causes eunuchoid body proportions; sparse or absent facial, axillary, pubic, or body hair; decreased muscle mass and strength; feminine distribution of adipose tissue; gynecomastia; small testes and penis; diminished libido; decreased physical endurance; and osteoporosis. The loss of functional seminiferous tubules and Sertoli cells results in a marked decrease in inhibin B levels, which is presumably the hormone regulator of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is altered in pubertal patients with Klinefelter syndrome.

[ArchivalUser]

A typical patient with Klinefelter syndrome presents with low serum testosterone levels, high luteinizing hormone (LH) and FSH levels, and, often, elevated estradiol levels; however, the decline in testosterone production is progressive over the life span, and not all men suffer from hypogonadism.

[ArchivalUser]

http://allaboutim.webs.com/apps/blog/show/6085189

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http://www.cvphysiology.com/Heart%20Disease/HD005.htm

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http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/27...nsion.html

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/73808366/Cardiac-tamponade

[ArchivalUser]

* LOSS OF ECF LEADS TO LOSS OF SALT AND WATER WHICH INCREASE (RETAINING) HCO3
* METABOLIC ALKALOSIS CONTRACTION ALKALOSIS/ CONTR DUE TO INCREASE (HCO3)
* DECREASE PRELOAD

http://ajprenal.physiology.org/content/284/1/F11.full

[ArchivalUser]

*Loop diuretics act principally by blocking the luminal Na-K-2Cl transporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
* IT INCREASE Aldosterone
* decrease level of potassium i.e hypoventilation
* Increase PC02

[ArchivalUser]

Anion gap is the difference in the measured cations and the measured anions in serum, plasma, or urine. The magnitude of this difference (i.e. "gap") in the serum is often calculated in medicine when attempting to identify the cause of metabolic acidosis. If the gap is greater than normal, then high anion gap metabolic acidosis is diagnosed.
The term "anion gap" usually implies "serum anion gap", but the urine anion gap is also a clinically useful measure.


Normal anion gap acidosis:
In patients with a normal anion gap the drop in HCO3− is compensated for almost completely by an increase in Cl− and hence is also known as hyperchloremic acidosis.
The HCO3− lost is replaced by a chloride anion, and thus there is a normal anion gap.
Gastrointestinal loss of HCO3− (i.e., diarrhea) (note: vomiting causes hypochloraemic alkalosis)
Renal loss of HCO3− (i.e. proximal renal tubular acidosis(RTA) also known as type 2 RTA)
Renal dysfunction (i.e. distal renal tubular acidosis also known as type 1 RTA)
Ingestions
Ammonium chloride and Acetazolamide, ifosfamide.
Hyperalimentation fluids (i.e. total parenteral nutrition)
Some cases of ketoacidosis, particularly during rehydration with Na+ containing IV solutions.
Alcohol (such as ethanol) can cause a high anion gap acidosis in some patients, but a mixed picture in others due to concurrent metabolic alkalosis.
Mineralocorticoid deficiency (Addison's disease)
Note: a useful mnemonic to remember this is FUSEDCARS (fistula (pancreatic), uretogastric conduits, saline administration, endocrine (hyperparathyroidism), diarrhea, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide), ammonium chloride, renal tubular acidosis, spironolactone).



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