general principles of health n disease Q - notym

[ArchivalUser]

HOW TO DISINFECT THE FOLLOWING
HIV VIRUS
HBV,HCV
MYCOBACTERIA .TUBERCULOSIS
SPORES

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alcohol + heat

[ArchivalUser]

Alcohols - high-concentration can effectively inactivate viruses such as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Chemicals present usually ethanol or isopropanol. It is safe and inexpensive to use in household environment, care has to be taken around inflammable items.
Aldehydes – are somewhat effective on spores and fungus also. Chemicals - formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde.
Oxidizing agents – Cause the microorganism to collapse. Chlorine and oxygen are strong oxidizers, so their compounds are used for e.g. common household bleach. In fact it is the most cost-effective home disinfectant (sodium hypochlorite solution) is used to clean toilets, drains, surfaces, swimming pool.
Phenolics – It is oldest known disinfectant for e.g. mouthwashes, Dettol. Chemicals - Phenol, Chloroxylenol
Sterilization

Steam - Used in machines called autoclaves. Autoclaves use steam heated to 121–134 °C (250–273 °F). To achieve sterility, a holding time of at least 15 minutes at 121 °C (250 °F) or 3 minutes at 134 °C (273 °F) is required. Autoclave treatment inactivates all fungi, bacteria, viruses and also bacterial spores. Pressure cooking food is also steam sterilization though it is not that thorough.
Heating – Under heating flaming, incineration, boiling in water, tindalization, dry heat. These methods inactivate and kill microorganisms in objects like glass, metals. Boiling in water for 15min inactivates viruses and kills most vegetative bacteria. However it has no effect on the spores. Tindilization means boiling for 20 minutes and then cooling, again re-boiling and cooling for three times. This method is more effective on sporulating bacteria than just boiling. Dry heat method can be used on powders and items that bear very high them of heat.

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http://www.diffen.com/difference/Disinfect_vs_Sterilize
http://www.nda.ox.ac.uk/wfsa/html/u07/u07_015.htm

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thanks


Q What is the mechanism of action of "Alcohol" in killing Bacterias ?

[ArchivalUser]

ANS IS DAMAGING CELL MENBRANE OR PLASMA MEMBRANE
Highly concentrated amounts of alcohol (70% and higher) can kill bacteria by damaging the plasma membrane and denaturing proteins within the cell.

Gram-negative bacteria are more vulnerable to alcohol because they contain a thin peptidoglycan cell wall covered by an outer membrane. The outer membrane controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell. Alcohol dissolves the outer membrane. This allows substances that are normally blocked by the membrane to easily enter the cell through the thin peptidoglycan cell wall. In addition, cell contents leak out of the cell through the cell wall.

Gram-positive cells lack outer membranes and rely solely on thick peptidoglycan cell walls to protect them from the environment but can still be killed by alcohoL

[ArchivalUser]

ANOTHER EXPLANATION FOR MECHANSIM OF AXN
Alcohols kill bacteria by first making the lipids that are part of the outer protective cell membrane of each bacterium cell more soluble in water so that the cell membrane begins to lose its structural integrity and fall apart. As the cell membrane disintegrates, alcohol can then enter the cell and denature proteins within each bacterium.

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Nice

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THANX ))

[ArchivalUser]

*"Chlorine" ---- Interfere with the "Cellular ENZYMES".

-by oxidizing the sulfahydryl group on on cystein (amino acid) interfering with disulfide bonds on Enzymes.


*IODINE:---- "Inhibit the Fxn of Microbial PROTEINS" by combining with amino acids especially Tyrosine.


"Tincture" = Iodine + Alcohol


-Coxiella Burnetti is Highly RESISTANT to Drying (Dessication).