4.)A 3-year-old boy with cystic fibrosis is evaluated for the acute onset of an uncontrollable nosebleed. There is no family history of a bleeding disorder. A few large bruises are seen on the legs; no other abnormalities are noted. Prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times are prolonged. The patient's abnormalities are likely to improve with treatment using a cofactor for which process?
A) Carboxylation of prothrombin
B) Conversion of homocysteine to methionine
C) Farnesylation of ras
D) Hydroxylation of procollagen
E) Phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase
A -- vit k def -- no gamma carboxylation of facots 2(prothrombin), 7 , 9 and 10
5.)A 20-year-old man has gastrointestinal bleeding due to Meckel's diverticulum. Histologic evaluation of the resected diverticulum is most likely to show
A) acute bacterial inflammation
B) carcinoid tumor
C) gastric mucosa
D) an impacted enterolith
E) varices at the neck of the diverticulum
true diverticulum-has gastric mucosa too,straight forward question,remember the 2 percent thing
6.)A 45-year-old woman who has acute diverticulitis develops severe hypotension, tachypnea, and tachycardia. She subsequently develops cyanosis and hypoxemia unresponsive to oxygen therapy. X-ray films of the chest show a diffuse alveolar infiltrate. Blood culture grows Escherichia coli. A major factor in the pathogenesis of this syndrome is
A) degranulation of mast cells
B) delayed (type IV) hypersensitivity to bacterial products
C) increased surfactant production by type II pneumocytes
D) production of antibodies to alveolar basement membranes
E) release of oxygen free radicals from sequestered neutrophils
DIVERTICULITIES-WEAKENS IMMUNITY,BASICALLY AN IMMUNE ATTACK ON YOUSELF,MORE
PRONE TO GET AN INFECTION SO HERE E COLI IS THE VICTIM! SEPTIC SHOCK(HYPOTENSION,TACH) E IS THE BEST ANSWER, BUT CYTOKINES IS A BETTER ANSWER I WOULD OF LIKED.
7.)Basic fibroblast growth factor is applied to an experimentally induced dermal wound. A histologic section is prepared 72 hours later. Compared with an untreated wound, the most likely alteration in this wound is
A) decreased numbers of fibroblasts
B) increased breakdown of matrix
C) increased numbers of blood vessels
D) increased numbers of eosinophils
E) Increased numbers of giant cells
A SIMPLE REGENERATION QUESTION, ANGIOGENESIS CAUSE REGROWTH OF THE DAMAGED AREA,THIS WHAT BRINGS NUTRIENTS TO THE SITE OF DAMAGE,REFUELING IT AGAIN!
8.) A 29-year-old patient has a 3-week history of persistent cough and intermittent flushing and diarrhea. An x-ray film of the chest and bronchoscopy show a 2-cm, solitary, well-defined mass that projects into the lumen of the mainstem bronchus. The mucosa of the bronchus is intact. These findings are most characteristic of
A) bronchial carcinoid tumor
B) hamartoma
C) mesothelioma
D) metastatic adenocarcinoma
E) squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
DONT READ TOO FAST,IF YOU WILL YOU MISS IT! FLUSHING,COUGHING CLASSICAL SYMPTOMS OF CARCINTOIN SYNDROME. increased serotonin and excretion of 5 HIAA
9.)A 56-year-old man with extensive coronary artery atherosclerotic disease has evidence of coronary vasoconstriction and myocardial ischemia. The most likely cause of the vasoconstriction is failure of the endothelial cell layer of the diseased coronary arteries to produce a substance with which of the following actions?
A) Activation of Na+ channels
B) Closure of K+ channels
C) Opening L-type Ca2+ channels
D) Stimulation of ATP accumulation
E) Stimulation of cyclic GMP accumulation
****NO IS NOT BEING RELEASED,FROM ARGINE.**** E IS THE ANSWER
10.)A 61-year-old woman has a 10-year history of progressive pain in the hips, knees, and hands. She has symmetric swelling and formation of nodules in the distal interphalangeal joints of her hands and pain on movement of both knees. There is no increased warmth or tenderness. The most likely cause of her joint pain is
A) gout
B) Lyme disease
C) osteoarthritis
D) pseudogout
E) rheumatoid arthritis
C.SIMPLE RECALL QUESTION
DIP &PIP -- Osteoarthritis
PIP & MIP -- Rheumatoid arthritis
11.)A 38-year-old woman has noticed the gradual development of a goiter. Thyroid function studies show serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations to be within the reference range. Serum concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone is slightly increased. The serum contains a high level of antimicrosomal (antiperoxidase) antibodies, but no thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies are detected. The most likely diagnosis is
A) autoimmune (Hashimoto's) thyroiditis
B) diffuse toxic goiter (Graves' disease)
C) primary atrophy of the thyroid gland
D) Riedel's struma
E) subacute thyroiditis
RECALL AGAIN GUYS,YOU GOT TO PLUCK INFO OUT OF UR BRAIN QUICKLY!
antimicrosomal abs -- hashimotos
antimitochondrial abs-- primary biliary cirrhosis
12.In reversible hypoxic cell injury, cellular swelling results from intracellular accumulation of
A) cholesterol
B) glycogen
C) phospholipid
D) potassium
E) sodium
E. SODIUM ACCUMULATION BRINGS A FLOOD INTO THE CELL! Na/ATP ase function lost from lack of ATP due to hypoxia. BLOOD FLOW IS LACKING WHICH BRINGS O2 RIGHT,
SO NO O2,SO MITO WON'T FUNCTION PROPERLY HENSE LESS PRODUCTION OF ATP
13.)A 20-year-old man has a painless 2-cm nodule in his right scrotum. The nodule is difficult to distinguish from the right testis and does not transilluminate. There is no additional swelling or inguinal adenopathy. The most likely diagnosis is
A) cryptorchidism
B) hydrocele
C) scrotal cyst
D) testicular cancer
E) testicular torsion
F) varicocele
right testis and does not transilluminate TELLING US ITS NOT HYDROCELE.ITS NOT A, IF IT WAS THEN YOU WOULD FEEL LUMP AROUND THE INGUINAL AREA. NODULE-INDICATING
ITS A TESTICULAR CANCER. D is answer
14. A 50-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a fever, cachexia, and malaise for the past 6 months. Auscultation discloses a low-pitched, early to mid-diastolic murmur. Echocardiography shows a left atrial mass that prolapses into the mitral valve orifice during diastole. Which of the following findings is most likely on microscopic examination of this mass?
A) Amorphous extracellular matrix
B) Glycogen-containing polygonal cells
C) Malignant lymphoid cells
D) Malignant spindle cells
E) Mature adipose cells
B IS THE ANSWER. MYXOMA-TUMMOR OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE FILLED WITH MUCUS.The cells that make up the tumor are (spindle-shaped cells-dont forget this,maybe they can be CRUEL AND PUT THIS!) and are embedded in a matrix rich in mucopolysaccharides (a group of carbohydrates(THAT IS WHY ITS GLYCOGEN(BC GLYCOGEN IS MADE OF CARBS ISN'T IT!).
15.A 38-year-old man comes to the physician because of involuntary movements of the arms and legs for the past month and progressive facial twitching and grimacing over the past year. Neurologic examination shows athetoid and choreiform movements of the arms and legs, dystonic movements of the tongue, dysarthria, impairment in immediate and short-term memory, and dyscalculia. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
B) Dementia, Alzheimer's type
C) Huntington's disease
D) Korsakoff's syndrome
E) Multi-infarct dementia
F) Parkinson's disease
G) Wernicke's encephalopathy
C. HUNTINGTONS LIKES TO DO THE BOOGIE WIGGIE.CAUDATE NUCLEUS IS DAMAGED,
SO EVEN THEY CAN CHANGE THIS QUESTION AROUND AND POINT TO A PICTURE AND ASK WHERE IS THE DAMAGE OCCURING NEAR THE LATERAL VENTRICLES!
16.A 16-year-old girl has generalized weakness and nocturnal leg cramps. She is not taking any medications. Laboratory studies show:
Serum
Na+ 135 mEq/L
Cl“ 108 mEq/L
K+ 2.8 mEq/L
HCO3“ 21 mEq/L
Urine pH 7.0
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Adrenal insufficiency
B) Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism
C) Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
D) Renal tubular acidosis
E) Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (vasopressin)
POTASSIAM IS THE CULPRIT HERE. D IS THE ONLY ONE THAT MAKES SENSE TO ME.
SOMEONE FURTHER EXPLAIN THIS THANKS
17. An afebrile 8-year-old girl is evaluated for mild edema and a "puffy" face. She recovered from an untreated sore throat and fever 3 weeks ago. Urinalysis shows moderate proteinuria and hematuria with occasional red cell casts. A photomicrograph of renal tissue obtained on biopsy is shown. Which of the following is most likely responsible for the cellular infiltrate shown?
A) Bradykinin
B) C5a
C) Histamine
D) N-formylated peptides
E) Serotonin
COMMON QUESTION WITH THIS PHARGYNITIES POINT! IT CAN HIT YOU TO THE HEART-RHEUMATIC FEVER OR IF IT WANTS HIT YOU AT THE KIDNEYS! VICIOUS LITTLE CREATURE!
HOW DO YOU PREVENT THIS INFECTION,AMOXCILLIN?.TYPE II HYPERSENSITIVITY! For PSAGN, the evidence suggests that immune complexes, preformed by the combination of specific antibodies against streptococcal antigens, localize on the glomerular capillary wall and activate the complement system. The immunologic system may also be activated by streptococcal antigens that adhere to the glomerular structures(SORT OF LIKE PLOTTING A TERROR SCENE IN YOUR BODY GRRRR!!!!!!!!!) and act as "planted antigens" or by alterations in endogenous antigens. The activation of the complement cascade then generates chemotactic plasma-activated complement 5 (C5a) and platelet-derived inflammatory mediators. Various cytokines and other cellular immunity factors initiate an inflammatory response manifested by cellular proliferation and edema of the glomerular tuft.
18. A 45-year-old man who is undergoing dialysis for chronic renal failure starts receiving erythropoietin therapy. He has a history of type 1 diabetes mellitus, peripheral neuropathy, and well-controlled hypertension. Exacerbation of which of the following is most likely to occur in this patient?
A) Chronic renal insufficiency
B) Diabetes mellitus
C) Hypertension
D) Osteitis fibrosa cystica
E) Peripheral neuropathy
CCC: ERYTHROPETIN STIMULATES PRODUCTION OF RBC'S
19. A 21-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a vaginal discharge for the past 2 weeks. She has had 3 sexual partners in the past 6 months. Examination shows tenderness with cervical motion. The discharge is mucopurulent and the cervical os is erythematous and edematous. This patient is at greatest risk for the development of which of the following?
A) Aortic aneurysm
B) Endocarditis
C) Endometrial carcinoma
D) Infertility
E) Multiple births
F) Ovarian carcinoma
G) Rheumatoid arthritis
D is the answer
PID- infertile,BC YOU ARE SCARRING THE FALLOPIAN TUBES COMON LADIES!
20. A 45-year-old woman has a 3-month history of a persistent cough and increasing shortness of breath. She denies chest pain or other illnesses. Blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, and pulse is 110/min. She has diffuse basilar crackles and an S3 gallop, but no murmur. ECG shows sinus tachycardia and nonspecific ST-T wave changes. Echocardiography shows a dilated left ventricle and a diffusely hypokinetic heart. The most likely diagnosis is
A) acute pericarditis with effusion
B) dilated cardiomyopathy
C) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
D) severe mitral valve prolapse
E) silent subendocardial infarct
ANSWER IS IN THE PASSAGE HAHA B!
21.
An elderly woman has had generalized bone pain and a loss of height over the last 5 years. Complete blood count is normal. Serum calcium, phosphate, and creatinine concentrations and serum alkaline phosphatase activity are within the reference range. Serum protein electrophoresis shows no abnormalities. X-ray films of the spine show generalized loss of bone density and a compression fracture of T-8. Which of the following is most likely to be seen in tissue obtained on biopsy of the iliac crest?
A) Cysts filled with fibroblasts and giant cells
B) Disorderly osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity
C) Sheets of plasma cells
D) Thin trabeculae with low osteoclastic activity
OSTEOPOROSIS. THIS YOU CAN NARROW IT DOWN TO B OR D.
BUT D IS BETTER BC THE TRABECULAE IS THINNED!I THINK IN OSTEOPOROSIS
THE REMODELING PROCESS IS SLOW. PLUS ELDERLY WOMEN ARE MOST OF THE TIME
LACKING ESTROGEN WHICH IS A BIG HELP IN BONE FORMATION.
22.A healthy 25-year-old woman who is at 24 weeks' gestation develops heartburn within an hour after eating. Which of the following is the most likely cause?
A) Decreased competency of the lower esophageal sphincter
B) Decreased esophageal motility
C) Increased gastric acid production
D) Increased gastric emptying
E) Increased gastric motility
A.THAT IS WHAT HEARTBURN IS. JUST A DEFINITION TYPE OF QUESTION. DO YOU KNOW
THE MEANING OF HEARTBURN THATS ALL!
23.A 5-month-old male infant develops lethargy, somnolence, hypothermia, feeding problems, and persistent jaundice. After several days, he develops a hoarse cry and hypotonic muscles. The tongue is large and protruding, and an umbilical hernia is noted. Hematologic evaluation shows no abnormalities. Which of the following abnormalities is most consistent with these findings?
A) Agenesis of the parathyroid glands
B) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
C) Maternal diffuse toxic goiter (Graves' disease)
D) Thyroid hypoplasia
E) Trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome)
D.CREATINISM-STRAIGHT RECALL
24. Over a period of 3 weeks, a 60-year-old woman develops anorexia, restlessness, irritability, and confusion. Serum sodium concentration is 125 mEq/L; urine osmolality is increased. Assuming the patient's disorder represents a paraneoplastic syndrome, which of the following diagnostic procedures is most likely to result in an abnormal finding?
A) Examination of bone marrow
B) Liver scan
C) Mammography
D) Measurement of urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
E) X-ray film of the chest
A VERY NICE THINKING QUESTION I LIKE.
SIADH FROM SMALL-CELL CARCINOMA OF THE LUNG: E
IT CAN PRODUCE CUSHIN SYNDROME TOO! MOON MAN OR GIRL YOU CAN SEE THERE.
25.A 16-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of respiratory distress. Examination shows a large mediastinal mass and 3-cm firm cervical lymph nodes bilaterally. Examination of tissue obtained on cervical lymph node biopsy shows small lymphocytes interspersed with binucleate cells with clear chromatin and large eosinophilic nucleoli. The most likely diagnosis is
A) Burkitt's lymphoma
B) diffuse noncleaved cell lymphoma
C) follicular lymphoma
D) Hodgkin's disease
E) lymphoblastic lymphoma
memorization question again! STEP LIKES TO BE A LITTLE TOUGH AND WON'T GIVE CATCHY WORDS ALWAYS. SO KNOW THE REAL DEAL GUYS.
D and the binucleate cells are reidsternberg cells
26.
An 83-year-old woman dies after having progressive memory loss, apraxia, and aphasia for 4 years. A photomicrograph of brain tissue obtained on autopsy is shown. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?
A) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
B) Dementia, Alzheimer's type
C) Hypothyroidism
D) Vascular dementia
E) Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) deficiency
You will see in the pic,atrophy of the cortex. B IS THE ANSWER
